Roger A. Woodruff is Washington/Alaska Director of Wildlife Services. In his letter of 20 September 2002 to me, which is copied on the following two pages, Woodruff gives his opinions about my 8 September 2002 draft of this paper. His letter is copied here to fairly give his viewpoints.
My notations [at the end of each paragraph in the transcription] along the right hand margin [in the paper copy] give the section where Woodruff's comments are addressed in this paper. In addition, two points in his letter that are not discussed elsewhere are discussed below.
In the third paragraph of Woodruff's letter, he notes that information that I used for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dams "is not necessarily relevant or correct in regard to our work on the mid-Columbia River." In Wildlife Services (2002a) or in Woodruff's letter, Washington Wildlife Services did not identify which dams it considered to be in the "mid-Columbia," but the Fish Passage Center (1999:90) identifies the mid- Columbia as being from above McNary Dam "to" Chief Joseph Dam; it is not clear if Chief Joseph Dam is part of the mid-Columbia, but it is operated by the Corps (Fig. 1.1). Nevertheless, the subject of this paper and the draft that I sent to Woodruff is bird predation and control at mainstem Columbia and Snake River dams, not just mid-Columbia dams. Wildlife Services has refused to release general information about its control programs at dams (section 4-B-2), so, of course, Woodruff can claim that I do not know enough details about its control programs at mid-Columbia dams. I include the information that I could find or was given.
Further, while some specific details of Wildlife Services' control at mid-Columbia dams may differ from that at Corps' dams in the lower Columbia, bird control issues as discussed in Chapter 6 can be expected to be similar, if not the same, for dams on the mid-Columbia, lower Columbia, and lower Snake Rivers.
In the next to last paragraph, Woodruff writes that Wildlife Services will soon be releasing a Predecisional Environmental Assessment that "will provide a more factual source of information and will provide an official forum for input and discussion." As of 14 February 2003, I have not received a copy of it, though I had commented on its pre- Environmental Assessment request for public input (Wildlife Services 2002a) and had also requested a copy in my letter to Woodruff on 16 December 2002.
While an Environmental Assessment by Wildlife Services is "official" because it is conducted by a federal agency and it is a "forum" because public and agency input is solicited, it is written, revised, and published by Wildlife Services, not an impartial entity. Accordingly, it is questionable how independent of an assessment it truly is. The mission of Wildlife Services is to conduct animal damage control (Appendix II-C), so it can be expected that Wildlife Services' Environmental Assessments will reflect its mission and not provide a truly impartial forum for free discussion nor that all sides of issues will be equally considered.
Wildlife Services (2001c) by Washington Wildlife Services is also an Environmental Assessment. Although it may be factual, it does not provide details about actual programs that are being conducted--it gives generalities summarized for the entire state, not details that would allow a reader to evaluate facts about individual programs. Some of the data in Wildlife Services (2001c) are misleading (section 4-C-1: Environmental Assessment), so the factuality of Washington Wildlife Services' Environmental Assessments may not be as certain as Woodruff asserts.
While my report is not "official" because I do not represent a governmental agency, I have tried to make it a more comprehensive discussion of these issues than Wildlife Services (2001c, 2002a).
[In the printed copy, photocopies of Woodruff's letter were included. Below is a transcription of his letter; low resolution (96 dots per inch) images of his letter with my notations along the right hand margin to sections where I have addressed his comments are at:
[USDA logo] United States Animal and Plant Wildlife 720 O'Leary St. NW
Department of Health Inspection Services Olympia, WA 98502
Agriculture Service (360) 753-9884
September 20, 2002
Range Bayer
P.O. Box 1467
Newport, OR 97365
Re: Review: Bird Predation of Juvenile Salmonids and Management of Birds Near Columbia Basin Dams
Dear Mr. Bayer;
Thank you for inviting USDA--APHIS--Wildlife Services (WS) to review your report. We empathize with your obvious frustration at the limited information we are able to provide due to the Texas Farm Bureau injunction. We can only ask that you put yourself in our shoes and understand the frustration that we also feel as a public agency which has been directed to withhold some of the most basic information from both the general public and management agencies. This recent predicament is not unique to only the Washington State WS Program, but applies to our program nationwide. We are directed to comply with the courts and to follow the council of our attorneys, who in turn interpret court decisions such as the Texas Farm Bureau injunction. [section 4-B-2]
Below, we have addressed some of the basic concerns stated in the abstract of your report. WS' National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) will provide a scientific review of the report. Dr. Mark Tobin, head of the bird research section at the NWRC, has received a copy of your report. [Preface]
We received your response to our Invitation for Public Involvement on piscivorous bird damage management in the mid-Columbia River Basin, dated April 10, 2002. Both in your comment letter and in this report, many of your sources come from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), the internet, or newspaper. None of the COE hydroelectric dams are on the mid-Columbia River; therefore the information you used for COE projects is not necessarily relevant or correct in regard to our work on the mid- Columbia River. [Appendix III-1]
On the mid-Columbia River, vast overhead wiring exclusion systems over the tailrace at each dam have been constructed and are actively maintained. These wiring systems consist of 3/64" stainless steel cable stretched from one bank of the river to the other or from the shore to the dam, depending on the availability of suitable anchor points. The average exclusion system at hydroelectric dams is comprised of 21 to 30 wires spaced at 25 to 50 foot intervals, with wires stretching anywhere from 500 to 1,800 feet. In general, wire grids have been one of the most effective deterrents available, particularly for gulls, when used in combination with hazing and limited lethal reinforcement. Wire exclusionary systems alone are not 100% effective, and gulls are capable of learning to fish beneath the wires. [section 4-D-2]
Few publications have attempted to put a dollar value on threatened and endangered (T&E) species. There are very few ways to estimate the associated economic cost to mitigate the vulnerability of smolt below hydroelectric dams. One way to estimate monetary damage is to take into account the costs involved to improve smolt survival. The monetary value of Federally-listed juvenile salmonids lost to predation is not presented, because a quantitative value cannot be placed on a smolt listed under the ESA or the information generally is not
[APHIS logo] APHIS--Protecting American Agriculture
An Equal Opportunity Employer
[second page of Woodruff's page follows]
available. Instead, the economic costs, or damage, which results from the predation of anadromous fish may be represented by the monetary costs associated with the implementation of mitigation measures which improve the survival of those juvenile salmonids past each hydroelectric dam. Engeman et al. (In press) reviewed various methods for applying monetary valuations for T&E species so that economic analyses of management actions could be used to help guide and evaluate management decisions, however, this process was neither straightforward nor precise. [section 4-E]
The United States Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Marine Fisheries Service (USDC--NOAA--NMFS) prepared a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for Anadromous Fish Agreements and Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP). A Final EIS is scheduled for completion by October 2002. The HCP developed a set of specific performance standards to achieve "100% no net impact" to anadromous species through the hydroprojects operated on the Mid-Columbia River (NMFS 2000). The predation of smolt in the tailrace reduces the percent of juvenile fish surviving dam passage, which directly affects the smolt survival standard that each hydroproject must meet. The hydroproject managers have direction from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, NMFS, Northwest Power Planning Council, and others to use available mitigative measures to increase anadromous fish survival based upon the best scientific information available, and have identified predator control as a mitigation measure which is likely to increase smolt survival through each hydroproject on the mid-Columbia River. [section 6-D-5]
Overall, we identified many sections of your report pertaining to WS' activities which are unfounded, inaccurate, or misleading. Therefore, we do not feel your report in its present state is of sufficient factual integrity to be published in a journal. We will soon be releasing our Pre-decisional Environmental Assessment (EA) of Piscivorous Bird Damage Management for the Protection of Juvenile Salmonids on the Mid-Columbia River. The EA will provide a more factual source of information and will provide an official forum for input and discussion. We hope that you will use this opportunity to learn more about our program and provide input regarding our program's activities on the mid-Columbia River. [Preface; Appendix III-2]
Thank you again for allowing us to review your paper. You should be hearing from Dr. Tobin in the near future. [Preface]
Sincerely,
[signature of Roger A. Woodruff]
Roger A. Woodruff
State Director WA/AK
USDA--APHIS--Wildlife Services
(360) 753-9884
References:
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[APHIS logo] APHIS--Protecting American Agriculture
An Equal Opportunity Employer
[end of Woodruff's letter]
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