Self-Interest Profile in Salmon Recovery (also see strategies): 0=not important, 1=minor importance, 2=very important

                    |4 H's________________________  |Ocean
Group's or          |Hydro- |Hab- |Hatch- |         |Condit- |Pred-
Individual's        |power  |itat |eries  |Harvest  |ions    |ators
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Self-Interest_______|_______|_____|_______|_________|________|______
Blame for Decline___|_______|_____|_______|_________|________|______
Factor(s) to Change_|_______|_____|_______|_________|________|______
---------------------------------------------------------------------

In their reports, scientists strive for objectivity, but they also have viewpoints based on their experience. If their opinions are politically correct, then their opinions will be probably be welcomed by politicians; however, if their opinions are politically incorrect, then those that disagree with the scientists may fault them for doing so.

• Hydropower Development--a policy statement by the American Fisheries Society.
• Bypassing Dams Best Chance for Regaining Harvestable Salmon by Associated Press in 27 June 1999 New York Times (newspaper). (Idaho Chapter of American Fisheries Society voted 184-16 to approve a resolution for the need to bypass four lower Snake River dams to restore wild salmon and steelhead runs.)
• Scientists: Breach Dams to Restore Salmon Runs by J. Brinckman in 23 March 1999 Oregonian (Portland newspaper). (Letter from more than 200 scientists to then President Clinton. This letter is at Scientists Speak Out on the Taxpayers for Common Sense web page. Note that the scientists did not give their affiliation with a governmental agency, if they had one, so they were exercising their First Amendment rights as private citizens. But they were publicly chided for expressing their opinion by politicians who disagreed with their viewpoint.)

• List of 13 Tribes (and some of their web sites) that are involved with Columbia River Basin fish and wildlife resources.
• Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission; Umatilla, Yakama, Warm Springs, and Nez Perce Tribes that are 4 of the 13 tribes concerned about Columbia Basin fisheries..
• Wy-Kan-Ush-Mi Wa-Kish-Wit--Spirit of the Salmon; The Columbia River Anadromous Fish Restoration Plan of the Nez Perce, Umatilla, Warm Springs, and Yakama Tribes. 1996. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission.
• Protecting and Restoring Watersheds: A Tribal Approach to Salmon Recovery by M. Hollenbach and J. Ory. 1999. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission.
• Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, which serves treaty Indian tribes of Western Washington.
• Cultural Perspectives on the Environment by C. Craig. 1998. Columbia River Pastoral Letter Project.
• Empty Nets: Indians, Dams, and the Columbia River by Roberta Ulrich. 1999. Oregon State University Press. (Introduction and subject matter are given--the book is not available online.)
• Sacrificing the Salmon: A Legal and Policy History of the Decline of Columbia Basin Salmon by M. C. Blumm, Law Professor at Lewis and Clark College. 2002. Abstract & Table of Contents Only. He examines several unsuccessful promises to protect or restore the salmon runs, beginning with the Indian treaties of the 1850s.
• The Native American Fishery by T. Novak. 1998. In "A Snapshot of Salmon in Oregon" by Oregon State University Extension Service.
• Our Responsibilities to the Native American Tribes of the Columbia and Snake Basins by Stephen M Pauley, board member, Idaho Rivers United. 1999.
• Racism Taints Debate Over Dam Removal. 2000. NW Energy Coalition Report 19(4):4 (April/May).
• Tribes by Save Our Dams. (Save Our Dams has an agenda and that may affect what material is presented on their web site about Native Americans.)
• Case Law as it Pertains to Commercial Fishing, Tribal "Rights", and the U.S. Constitution by Puget Sound Gillnetters Association. (Note that this group is critical of Tribal rights.)

• The Northwest Power Planning Council was initiated by the U.S. Congress and is a four-state compact formed by Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington to oversee electric power system planning and fish and wildlife recovery in the Columbia River Basin.
• Independent Scientific Advisory Board (ISAB) documents. These documents attempt to use the best science available.
• NWPPC Library. (Lists many publications, news releases, and bulletins--many of which are about salmon recovery in the Columbia River Basin. It is not feasible for me to list all of them.)
• NWPPC Meetings and Minutes of Meetings. The Minutes give insights into the meetings.

• National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) - Endangered Species Act (ESA) jurisdiction over anadromous fish; it also has a role regulating fisheries.
• US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) - operates federal dams and locks for multiple uses.
• Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) - markets electricity from federal dams; it also has a key role funding fish and wildlife mitigation.
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - implements and enforces the Clean Water Act.
• US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) - ESA jurisdiction over plants, wildlife and resident fish and also operates and administers hatchery programs and national wildlife refuges.
• US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) - operates federal dams for multiple uses.
• US Forest Service (USFS) - manages the national forest system.
• Bureau of Land Management (BLM) - manages 16,233,739 acres of public lands in Oregon and 370,110 acres in Washington for wildlife, recreation, timber harvest, livestock grazing, mineral extraction and other public uses.
• Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) - trustee for tribal and individual Indian lands and resources held in trust.

• West Coast Salmon and the Endangered Species Act: 4(d) Rules for Pacific Salmon.
• Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC) and Northwest Regional Office. (There is much information on both NMFS Pacific Northwest web sites.)
• Publications from the NMFS Northwest Fisheries Science Center. (Includes White Papers and other publications about salmonids. Look at bottom of their web page for titles.)
• Cumulative Risk Initiative (CRI); "The CRI is a network of NMFS scientists working to synthesize information and provide clear, consistent and scientifically rigorous decision support for salmonid conservation."
• Fact Sheets on Salmon Issues by NMFS Northwest Regional Office.
• Fact Sheet: PIT-tag Research on Snake River Salmon by NMFS Northwest Regional Office. (1994-1995 research indicates that only about 17% of juvenile Snake River fall chinook survived passage through eight hydropower projects.)
• White Paper: Passage of Juvenile and Adult Salmonids Past Columbia and Snake River Dams. April 2000. (PDF file, 320K. Table 13 indicates that an average of only 44% of juvenile spring/summer chinook and 45% of juvenile steelhead survived passage through eight dams in the lower Snake and lower Columbia Rivers during 1993-1999.)
• White Paper: Predation on Salmonids Relative to the Federal Columbia River Power System. 2000. (PDF file, 157K.)
• White Paper: Summary of Research Related to Transportation of Juvenile Anadromous Salmonids Around Snake and Columbia River Dams. 2000. (PDF file, 87K. From their "Background" section: "Adult returns from nearly all studies conducted between 1968 and 1989 indicated higher SARs [smolt-to-adult returns, SAR] for transported than for in-river migrant study fish. Nonetheless, overall SARs were, in nearly all cases, much lower than SARs estimated prior to completion of the lower Snake River dams and John Day Dam on the lower Columbia River. In spite of the higher SARs of transported fish compared to in-river migrants, the ability of transportation to mitigate for dam construction and operation is controversial as absolute SARs were below historic levels.)
• Investigation of Scientific Information on the Impacts of California Sea Lions and Pacific Harbor Seals on Salmonids and on the Coastal Ecosystems of Washington, Oregon, and California. 1997. U.S. Dept Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-28.
• Does Traditional Hatchery Production Help Conserve Wild Salmon--a Comment on the Fall Creek Coho Hatchery Controversy.

Some Viewpoints that Are Critical of NMFS The Salmon Win One: Judge Tells Agencies to Obey the Law by Paul Larmer. 1994. In April 18 High Country News (newspaper). ("On March 29, Judge Malcolm Marsh told the National Marine Fisheries Service that it had been 'arbitrary and capricious' when it determined in 1993 that federal dam operations on the Columbia and Snake rivers posed 'no jeopardy' to the Snake River sockeye and two Snake River chinook salmon species.")
• Securing Endangered Species Act Listings for Salmon by Earthjustice. (It is unclear if NMFS would have listed some salmon species without being requested to do so.)
• Suit Seeks Breaching of Snake River Dams. Lawsuit by Earthjustice that represents several groups against NMFS.
• Federal Salmon Plan a Failure, Says Lawsuit by C. Hollister in NW Energy Coalition Report 20(5):3, May 2001. (A coalition of thirteen conservation organizations, commercial and sport fishing groups and fishing businesses filed a lawsuit against NMFS for failing to protect and restore endangered salmon and steelhead runs in the Columbia and Snake Rivers.)
• NMFS Science Slammed by C. Hollister in NW Energy Coalition Report 19(11):3, December 2000. (Conservationists and scientists directly challenged a recent article in Science magazine written by two employees of NMFS and a colleague and noted that bypassing four dams on the Lower Snake River remains a cornerstone of any comprehensive plan that will restore endangered salmon and steelhead stocks to harvestable levels. They are probably referring to article by Kareiva et al. 2000 Science 290 [Nov. 3]:977-979.)
• Groups Damn NMFS' Take On Science by C. Hollister in NW Energy Coalition Report 18(11):1, November 1999. (Fish and river advocates argue NMFS officials are clouding clear scientific evidence that shows partial removal of the four Lower Snake River dams is the most effective way to recover declining salmon and steelhead runs.)
• Common Sense Salmon Recovery (CSSR) in the Save Our Dams web site. (CSSR is a coalition of Washington State business groups that filed a lawsuit in 1999 against NMFS. CSSR wants NMFS to immediately address the issues of harvest and predation by marine mammals in order to restore Northwest salmon runs.)

• Portland District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mission Statement.
• "Information" for Portland District. (Good place for seeing what information is available.)
• Environmental Resources Branch of Portland District.
• Northwestern Division information page.
• Columbia River Basin--Dams and Salmon: Factors in Salmon Decline by Walla Walla District Fish Management Division. (Series of pages that describes dam operation in relation to fish passage.)
• Viewpoint: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in CyberLearning. 1996.
• Help for Fish Runs a Process of Continuous Improvement by Portland District of USACE. 1997.
• Saving the Salmon: a History of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Efforts to Protect Anadromous Fish on the Columbia and Snake Rivers by L. Mighetto and W. J. Ebel. 1994. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (This link briefly discusses the book and gives the USACE address for requesting a copy; I requested a copy on 3 February 2001 and have not received a response. In my opinion, this book represents the Corps' perspective and does not adequately address the Corps' responsibility in the decline of salmon in the Columbia Basin.

Some Viewpoints that Are Critical of USACE (Corps)

• Lawsuit Asks for More Water for Snake, Columbia Rivers by Associated Press in 23 February 2000 Oregonian. (Lawsuit by environmentalists and commercial fishermen against USACE, NMFS, and Bureau of Reclamation to increase water flows.)
• Snake Dams Defy Clean Water Act, EPA Says. Article by CNN.com in May 2000. (EPA says that removing four dams along the lower Snake River is probably the only option that will satisfy the Clean Water Act; USACE also lost lawsuit by conservation groups and Nez Perce tribe, so USACE must comply with Clean Water Act in the Corps' operation of the lower Snake River dams.)
• CWA [Clean Water Act] Ruling Bolsters Case for Dam Removal by C. Hollister in NW Energy Coalition Report 20 (3):1, March 2001. (Corps loses a lawsuit by environmental groups, the Nez Perce tribe, and the state of Oregon. The Corps must change its operation of four dams on lower Snake River to comply with the Clean Water Act.)
• Corps Opposes Breaching Snake River Dams by Environmental News Service. 21 February 2002.
• Matthew Campbell writes:

  "The truth is that during the 40 year period of their intense preoccupation with building dams, from approximately the mid 1930s to the mid 1970s, the Corps of Engineers gave only grudging and token consideration to the impacts their dams would have on anadromous fish runs."

• Troubled Waters: Congress, the Corps of Engineers and Wasteful Water Projects by Taxpayers for Common Sense and the National Wildlife Federation. 2000. (Two Corps projects in the Columbia River Basin [Lower Snake River Navigation and Columbia River Deepening] are listed in the top 25 wasteful projects in America)
• Reforming the Army Corps of Engineers by American Rivers.
• Army Corps Reform by Environmental Defense.

• BPA--Power of the Columbia--Northwest Hydro. (Series of pages about Columbia Basin multi-purpose dams.)
• Environment, Fish & Wildlife has links to salmon recovery research drafts for public review and publications, most of which are in PDF files, some of which are so large that they are not practical to download with a regular telephone connection to the Internet.

Some Viewpoints that Are Critical of BPA

• Challenges to BPA's Handling of Salmon Recovery Funds or Calculations of Cost of Recovery
  • BPA Claims of $435 M/Yr on Salmon False in NW Energy Coalition Report 17(2):5, February 1998.
  • Salmon $ Mismanaged, Still in BPA Coffers in NW Energy Coalition Report 17(3):6, March 1998. (BPA handling of money and calculation of costs of salmon recovery challenged.)
  • Bonneville Power Shortchanging Taxpayers, Says Budget Watchdog Group Taxpayers for Common Sense.
• BPA's Low-Priced Electricity Contracts with Aluminum Companies
  • Aluminum-Industry Deal Would be Bad for Salmon by S. Patton (NW Energy Coalition) and B. Arthur (Sierra Club), guest columnists in 17 June 1999 Seattle Times (newspaper).
• BPA's Not Allowing Spill During the Summer of 2001
  • BPA Breaks Law by Halting Spill, Groups Say by S. Weiss in NW Energy Coalition Report 20(7):4, July 2001. (Environmental, fishing and tribal organizations accused the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) of illegally halting salmon-saving measures at Columbia and Snake River dams and demanded that BPA immediately begin adhering to the spill and flow requirements of the 2000 Federal Salmon Recovery Plan.)
  • Improper Declarations of Power Emergencies Within the Columbia River Basin and Violations of the Northwest Power Act by nine groups. June 2001.
  • BPA Sued Over 'Salmon Massacre' Water Policy by R. McClure in 6 November 2001 Seattle Post-Intelligencer. (Environmentalists and fishermen yesterday brought legal action to force BPA to go easier on fish in the future and allow more spills.).

• "Water Issues" by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10: Pacific Northwest.
• Snake Dams Defy Clean Water Act, EPA Says. Article by CNN.com.
• Reading by U.S. EPA by M. L. Soscia and E. Somers. 1998. Columbia River Pastoral Letter Project. (Water quality in the Columbia River.)
• Also see Conservation Group Viewpoints About Water Quality.

Some Viewpoints that Are Critical of EPA
• Pesticides Enter Salmon Picture: Lawsuit [against EPA] Claims Toxins Impair Ability of Fish to Smell by L. Stiffler in 31 January 2001 Seattle Post-Intelligencer (newspaper).
• Groups Uncover Government Documents Showing Pesticides Can Harm Salmon by Earthjustice. (Part of 30 January 2001 lawsuit against EPA.)

Who Should Pay for Salmon Recovery? by Oregon State University Extension Service. 1994. Publ. PNW470. (PDF file, 168K. Beginning on p. 6, property rights issues are discussed.)

Most sections in A Snapshot of Salmon in Oregon by OSU Extension Service (1998, Publ. EM 8722) are given with viewpoints, but some do not fit elsewhere, so they are listed below:

• Dams by T. Gentle.
• Hatcheries by T. Novak.
• The Ocean by T. Novak.
• Estuaries by T. Novak. (Estuarine salmon habitat has also been degraded.)
• Natural Fluctuations by T. Novak.
• Cumulative Effects by A. Duncan. (The accumulative effects of many human-caused factors may be important in the salmon decline.)
• Urban Life by C. Savonen. (Urban living and development have also impacted salmon.)

• Save the Salmon Coalition's Approach to Salmon Issues by Oregonians In Action. (Their points are that there is little point in regulating river watersheds because of poor ocean conditions and uncontrolled predators.)
• "Spectacular" Salmon Returns Help Fuel More Opposition of Flawed Policies by Oregonians In Action.
• Landowners Group Says People's Needs Have Priority Over Salmon by A. Pulaski in Portland Oregonian (newspaper), 26 March 2000. (Article about meeting of Oregonians in Action.)
• Common Sense Salmon Recovery (CSSR) Viewpoint in the Save Our Dams web site. CSSR is a coalition of the Washington Cattlemen's Association, Washington State Farm Bureau, Building Industry Association of Washington, and Washington Association of Realtors.

• Special Reports: Protecting the Environment '99 in Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce. (Several reports relating to salmon recovery, commerce, and economic interests.)
• Reading the Signs of the Columbia River: Food Processors' Perspective by D. Zepponi. 1998. Columbia River Pastoral Letter Project.
• Viewpoint: Direct Services Industries, Inc. in CyberLearning. 1996. Direct Service Industries, Inc. is an association of six aluminum companies who purchase electric power directly from the Bonneville Power Administration or other suppliers.
• A Local Government Perspective of the Columbia River by C. Moser, Councilwoman, City of Richland. 1998. Columbia River Pastoral Letter Project.

• Navigation, Salmon and Drawdown by Port of Lewiston, Idaho.
• Presentation to the Columbia River Pastoral Letter Project by K. O'Hollaren, Executive Director, Port of Longview. 1998. Columbia River Pastoral Letter Project.

• Farming by B. Rost. 1998. In "A Snapshot of Salmon in Oregon" by Oregon State University Extension Service.
• Ranching by A. Duncan. 1998. In "A Snapshot of Salmon in Oregon" by Oregon State University Extension Service.
• Oregon Farm Bureau Policy Sampler by Oregon Farm Bureau. (Go down their web page for their "Endangered Species" section.)
• Save the Salmon--Save the Dams by S. K. Fox, American Farm Bureau Federation. 1998.
• Regulations Cost Farmers, Offer Few Benefits for Salmon; news release by American Farm Bureau. 2000.
• A Farmer's Read on the Columbia River Basin by R. Benson. 1998. Columbia River Pastoral Letter Project.
• State Salmon Recovery Strategy by Washington State Water Resources Association. (Look down their web page.)
• Killing Salmon Softly by C. J. Landry in CyberLearning. 1998. (This discusses importance of working with landowners to obtain water right leases in the Columbia Basin.)
• Fish Flows: Selected Articles by Oregon Water Trust. (They are a conservation group that works cooperatively with farmers to try to restore stream flows through voluntary water right acquisition.)

• Forestry by C. Savonen. 1998. In "A Snapshot of Salmon in Oregon" by Oregon State University Extension Service.
• Forest Practices and Salmon: What's the Connection? by F.D.L. Conway, Oregon State University Extension Service. 1998. Publ. EM 8584. (PDF file, 197K)
• The Forests and Fish Law by Washington Forest Protection Association.
• Restoring Columbia River Salmon by Boise Cascade. (Forest products corporation.)
• Salmon by Weyerhauser. (Forest products corporation.)
• Preventing Salmon Extinction: Forest Practices Guidelines by Pacific Rivers.

• Mining by B. Rost. 1998. In "A Snapshot of Salmon in Oregon" by Oregon State University Extension Service.
• Statement of Environmental Principles by Northwest Mining Association. 1998. (Not specifically about salmon, but about conducting mining in an environmentally responsible way.)
• Science Myth or Fact: Salmon and Habitat by Oregon Independent Miners. 1999. (Look down their page for this section about their concern that the salmon recovery focus on habitat may adversely effect mining.)

• Salmon by Northwest Energy Coalition. ("An alliance of more than 85 members, including environmental, consumer, civic, and human service organizations; progressive utilities; and energy efficiency and renewable energy businesses." This is about Hydropower.)

• Viewpoint: Pulp and Paper Workers Resource Council, Rocky Mountain Region in CyberLearning. 1998.

• Save Money, Save Fish: Snake River Campaign to Retire 4 Dams on the Lower Snake River by Taxpayers for Common Sense, which describes itself as "an independent taxpayer organization."

• Commercial Fishing by T. Gentle. 1998. In "A Snapshot of Salmon in Oregon" by Oregon State University Extension Service.
• Dams and Salmon: Why Some Dams Must Go! by Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations; see their Home Page.
• Salmon Protection Program by Institute for Fisheries Resources. (Go down their web page to find this.)
• Puget Sound Gillnetters Association: see "Top News," "Recent News," and "News Archive" links for newspaper articles of interest to commercial fishermen. (In spite of the "Puget Sound" in their name, much of the material on their web page is not limited to Puget Sound.)
• Survey of Oregon Troll Permit Owners: Summary of Results by J. Gilden and C. Smith in 1996 Oregon Sea Grant ORESU-T-96-002. (Attitudes towards reduced fishery and disaster relief.)
• Survey of Gillnetters in Oregon and Washington: Summary of Results by J. Gilden and C. Smith in 1996 Oregon Sea Grant ORESU-T-96-001. (Attitudes of Columbia River gillnetters towards reduced fishery and disaster relief.)

• Recreational Fishing by T. Gentle. 1998. In "A Snapshot of Salmon in Oregon" by Oregon State University Extension Service.
• Save the Snake River Salmon by Trout Unlimited. 2000.
• ISSU Supports Snake Dam Removal by Idaho Steelhead and Salmon Unlimited.
• Don't Blame Hatcheries for Wild Fish Problems by M. Sanchotena of Idaho Steelhead and Salmon Unlimited.
• The Lang Reports by C. Lang for the Oregon B.A.S.S. Federation. (There is a concern that warmwater game fishes are predators of salmon.)
• The Introduced Fishes Workshop/Symposium by C. Lang for the Oregon B.A.S.S. Federation.
• Outdoor Journal: Bass on Most-Wanted List for Protection of Other Fish by M. Freeman in 11 June 1998 Mail Tribune (Medford, Oregon newspaper).

Viewpoints: Conservation Groups

Conservation Group Viewpoints Mostly About Dams

• Columbia and Snake Rivers Campaign by Save Our Wild Salmon.
• Restoring the Lower Snake River: Saving Snake River Salmon and Saving Money by P. S. Lansing and E. Vogel. 1998. Report to the Oregon Natural Resources Council.
• An Economic Analysis of Four Federal Dams on The Lower Snake River by P. S. Lansing in CyberLearning. 1995. Idaho Rivers United on CyberLearn.com.
• Frequently Asked Questions on Bypassing the Lower Snake Dams by Idaho Rivers United.
• Snake River Salmon Fact Sheets by National Wildlife Federation.

Conservation Group Viewpoints Only about Hatcheries

• Science & Research: see papers about hatcheries by Native Fish Society.
• Also see Other Viewpoints about Salmon Hatcheries for other viewpoints about hatcheries and Hatcheries by T. Novak.

Conservation Group Viewpoints Only About Water Quality

• Columbia River and Hanford Groundwater Quality by R. M. Smith, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 1998. Columbia River Pastoral Letter Project.
• Diminishing Returns: Salmon Decline and Pesticides by R. D. Ewing for the Oregon Pesticide Education Network (OPEN). 1999. (PDF file, 768K)
• Major Problems [in Columbia River water] Identified: Dioxins & Furans, Arsenic & other Heavy Metals, Bacteria, Pesticides, Dams, PCBs, High Water Temperatures by Columbia River United.
• Impact of Artificial Fluoridation on Salmon Species in the Northwest USA and British Columbia, Canada by R. G. Foulkes and A. C. Anderson. 1994. Flouride 27(4):220-226.
• Also see EPA Viewpoint.

Conservation Group Viewpoints About Other Factors

• [Salmon] Economic Reports by ECONorthwest. (The purpose of their page is "to promote a balanced and realistic understanding of how salmon-conservation measures would affect the regional and local economies of the Pacific Northwest.")
• Opinion: What's Good for Salmon Also Good for the Rest of Us by A. Ostrom of 1000 Friends of Washington in 7 April 1999 Seattle Post-Intelligencer (newspaper). (Saving salmon through land-use and habitat protection.)
• Reference Library by Native Fish Society. (Lists papers about many factors.)
• Fish Forum by Oregon Trout. (Links to several papers.)
• Northwest Wild Salmon Project by Sierra Club.
• Sierra Club Web Site Search. (965 entries in search for "salmon" on 22 February 2002.)
• River of Red Ink: A Common Sense Guide to Saving Taxpayers Money and Restoring Northwest Salmon Compiled by Friends of the Earth, Taxpayers for Common $ense, and the Save Our Wild Salmon Coalition in CyberLearning. 1996. (Topics include Aluminum Power Rates, Below-Cost Power Rate to Bureau of Reclamation, Irrigation Power Discount, Irrigation Districts' Debt Payment, Columbia Waterway Operation & Maintenance, Below-Cost Timber Sales, 1872 Mining Law reform, and Rangeland Reform.)
• Fish Barging: A 20 Year Failed Experiment by Idaho Rivers United.

• Projects on Saving the Salmon by students at Pasco (Washington) High School. (Pasco is in the Columbia Basin between dams.)
• Perspectives on Breaching the Four Lower Snake River Dams by Washington State University students.

• The Science of Salmon Recovery in the Columbia River Basin: a Critique of Fish Hatcheries, Barging and Predator Control as Solutions to the Problem of Salmon Decline by M. Campbell.
• Papers by J. J. Anderson, Associate Professor, University of Washington, include:
  • Decadal Scale Climate Pattern and Salmon Survival Indicators, Interactions, and Implications 1997. P. 43-53 in R. L. Emmett and M. H. Schiewe (eds.), Estuarine and ocean survival of Northeastern Pacific salmon: proceedings of the workshop. U. S. Dept. Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-29. (Hydropower, Hatcheries, Transportation, and Harvest.)
  • Decadal Climate Cycles and Declining Columbia River Salmon. 1997.
  • Columbia River Water, Salmon and Water Rights. 1998. Columbia River Pastoral Letter Project.
  • Many more papers are at http://www.cbr.washington.edu/papers/jim/
• Pacific Northwest Salmon History Snapshots by Courtland Smith, Professor, Oregon State University.
• Look down the Western Water Policy Review Advisory Commission page for: A River in Common: the Columbia River, the Salmon Ecosystem, and Water Policy by J. M. Volkman. 1997. Report to the Western Water Policy Review Advisory Commission. (1.3 MB PDF File).
• Hatchery Fish No Bargain, Economist Tells Power Council by H. Radtke in NW Fishletter 102 (9 May 2000). (Returning Columbia River hatchery spring chinook cost $405 each, fall chinook about $50, coho $59, and steelhead nearly $300 each.)
• James L. Buchal's Positions
  • The Great Salmon Hoax: an Eyewitness Account of the Collapse of Science and Law and the Triumph of Politics in Salmon Recovery by J. L. Buchal. 1997. (In his Preface, Buchal indicates that he was not paid to write this book, although he acknowledges that he acquired some of his views "while representing corporations with an economic interest in continued hydropower operations." In J. Brinckman's 18 November 1998 article "Guru Tackles Hunt for Salmon Solutions" in the Oregonian [Portland newspaper], Buchal is described as an attorney representing four aluminum companies.)
  • Buchal's Other Salmon Materials" An Irregularly Published Collection of Essays on Current Topics in Salmon Recovery
  • Book Review [of The Great Salmon Hoax] by M. R. Fox is at http://www.junkscience.com.
  • Salmon Recovery & Local Breeding Populations--A Response to Jim Buchal by Scott Church. 2001.
  • Also see comments in Science in the Salmon Recovery Battleground.
• Save Our Dams has a large web site with many viewpoints favoring saving the dams. (Also see comments in Science in the Salmon Recovery Battleground about the battle between what is "good" and "bad" science.)

Online book sellers such as Amazon.com can be searched for books about salmon recovery, and Amazon includes reviews and comments about each book, so this can be informative. It is not feasible to list all books, but the following from Amazon or other booksellers are given for illustrative purposes:

• Salmon Without Rivers: A History of the Pacific Salmon Crisis by Jim Lichatowich. 1999.
• Sacrificing the Salmon: A Legal and Policy History of the Decline of Columbia Basin Salmon by Michael C. Blumm, Law Professor at Lewis and Clark College. 2002.
• River of Life, Channel of Death: Fish and Dams on the Lower Snake by Keith C. Peterson. 1995.

Viewpoints about Predation of Salmon and Steelhead in the Columbia Basin and Along the Oregon Coast.

Predation of Juvenile Salmonids
• Predation of Juvenile Salmon and Steelhead in the Columbia Basin and along the Oregon Coast.

Predation of Adult Salmonids. Marine mammals predation has been controversial and thought to be significant. Predation by Bald Eagles or Osprey has not been considered to be extensive.
• Backgrounder: Seals, Sea Lions and Their Impact on Fish Resources by Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. (PDF file)
• Seals, Sea Lions and Salmon by National Marine Fisheries Service. 1999.
• White Paper: Predation on Salmonids Relative to the Federal Columbia River Power System by National Marine Fisheries Service. 2000. (PDF file, 157K.)
• Investigation of Scientific Information on the Impacts of California Sea Lions and Pacific Harbor Seals on Salmonids and on the Coastal Ecosystems of Washington, Oregon, and California. 1997. U.S. Dept Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-28.
• Estuarine Survival of Salmonids: the Importance of Interspecific and Intraspecific Predation and Competition by R. L. Emmett. 1997. P. 147-158 in R. L. Emmett and M. H. Schiewe (eds.), Estuarine and ocean survival of Northeastern Pacific salmon: proceedings of the workshop. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-29.
• Case History: Preventing California Sea Lion Foraging and Predation on Salmonids at Willamette Falls by Humane Society of the United States.