Bird Records for Some Sites in the Lincoln City (Oregon) Area (Part C)
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Chap. 9. DRIFT CREEK MEADOWS ALONG HIGHWAY 101
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9-A. INTRODUCTION
9-A-1. NAME OF AREA
There has been confusion in referring to this general area because
"Drift Creek Pasture" has been used to refer to the area along Highway 101
as well as to a pasture a little further inland (see Chap. 11). However,
most birders only see the fields along Highway 101.
These two areas are distinguished in this paper by using "Drift Creek
Meadows along Highway 101" (which is included in this Chapter) and "Drift
Creek Pasture south of Gorton Road" (see Chap. 11). Although wordy, these
descriptive names make it clearer where observations were made.
Drift Creek Meadows along Highway 101 is shown as Drift Creek Meadows
in Harrison (1990:10), Phil Pickering referred to it as Drift Creek at
"Roamer's Paradise" because of the Streetcar Village mall at the north end,
east of Highway 101; and it has also been referred to as the Kangas'
Pasture, alluding to the landowners of the eastern portion (Harrison
1990:24-25).
Because of all the geese that have started using this site in recent
years, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) and U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (USFWS) probably have additional records for this site.
9-A-2. SCOPE OF THIS CHAPTER
The records listed here are known to be for this site; those for the
area south of Gorton Road are in Chap. 11, and those that may be either for
this site or south of Gorton Road are in Chap. 10.
This Chapter includes records made through December 1992; several more
recent observations were also discovered and also included. All these
records have been double-checked against the original reports for accuracy.
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9-B. STUDY AREA
Approx. Center of Site: 44 55.0' N, 124 00.3' W
Location: Township 7S, Range 11W, SW 1/4 of Section 35
Area Studied: ?
Habitat(s) Studied: freshwater marsh/field
Elevation: <20 ft (<6 m)
Minimum Distance to Coastline: 0.9 mi (1.4 km).
9-B-1. DRIFT CREEK MEADOWS ALONG THE WEST SIDE OF HIGHWAY 101
The USFWS classifies the portion west of Highway 101 as mostly a E2EM
wetland (Estuarine, intertidal, emergent [salt marsh]) with two small ponds
(PUB, Palustrine, unconsolidated bottom)(Harrison 1990:14-15). It is
classed as a diked marsh in ODFW (1978).
In his January 1985 letter, Pickering noted that the area west of
Highway 101 is mostly short grass with some taller marsh grass. There is a
canal (see "Ditch" in 1984 Lincoln City 7.5' quadrangle) about 10 feet wide
on the south part of this area that connects with Drift Creek. Pickering
estimated that this area floods during high tides higher than about +7.0 ft
above Mean Lower Low Water or during periods of heavy rain.
Pickering censused birds in the meadow area north of the canal.
9-B-2. DRIFT CREEK MEADOWS ALONG THE EAST SIDE OF HIGHWAY 101
The USFWS classifies the portion east of Highway 101 as a PEM wetland
(palustrine, emergent [marsh, diked marsh, wet meadow])(Harrison 1990:14-
15). It is classed as a diked marsh in ODFW (1978).
In his January 1985 letter, Pickering wrote that the area east of
Highway 101 is mostly a pasture that floods only during heavy rains and
that the grass had been "recently cut."
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9-C. PICKERING'S METHODS
Because the Meadows were so close to the Highway, Pickering used
mostly binoculars from the roadway to census birds. His observations took
less than 15 minutes. Waterfowl were counted individually, but gull
numbers were roughly estimated.
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9-D. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
9-D-1. INTRODUCTION
It is unfortunate that bird records were not kept separately for areas
west or east of Highway 101 because these areas differ not only physically,
but also in what birds may be present. It is also unfortunate that records
were not kept of the amount of flooding, if any, because these areas may
have been used more when they were flooded.
Waterfowl have previously been reported to use farm fields, flooded
pastures, and marshes elsewhere (e.g., Thomas 1976, Hirst and Easthope
1981, Eamer 1985) and in Lincoln County (Llewellyn et al. 1994:136-138).
Thus, the variety of waterfowl at Drift Creek Meadows is not unexpected.
9-D-2. DRIFT CREEK MEADOW ALONG THE WEST SIDE OF HIGHWAY 101
In his January 1985 letter, Pickering noted that he didn't see many
ducks in the canal.
9-D-3. DRIFT CREEK MEADOWS ALONG THE EAST SIDE OF HIGHWAY 101
In his January 1985 letter, Pickering wrote that most of the waterfowl
he saw in early 1983 (Table 9.1) were on the east side of Highway 101 when
it was flooded during high and low tides or because of heavy rains.
In 1983, the ODFW released Western (Great Basin) Canada Geese at
Florence (Lane County)(Bayer and Lowe 1988:50). They have since spread
along the Oregon Coast and have become a conspicuous permanent resident in
the Lincoln City area, particularly at this site.
The recent introduction of Western Canada Geese has resulted in a
major change here. In 1982-1984, Pickering noted that wild geese were
absent and that waterfowl were rare here. But Western Canada Geese are now
conspicuously and frequently present, and their presence has also acted as
a magnet to attract other subspecies of Canada Geese and also White-fronted
Geese. The ODFW has put neck collars on Western Canada Geese to track
their movements, so the ODFW may have many Canada Goose records for this
site that are not included in this paper. Roy Lowe, USFWS biologist, has
provided many of the incidental records included in this paper, but the
USFWS might also have more goose records than are given here because of the
concern for the Aleutian and Dusky subspecies of Canada Geese.
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9-E. TABLES
TABLE 9.1. Five waterbird censuses of Drift Creek Meadows along Highway
101 by Phil Pickering. Note that Great Blue Herons, Virginia Rails, Soras,
and Killdeer may have been present but were missed.
Census Time=time during which a census occurred. All times are in Pacific
Standard Time (PST) by the 24 hour clock (i.e., 1200 is added to times
in the afternoon, so 1 PM=1300).
Duration=duration of census was unknown.
.=zero. A "." is used to enhance readability of when a bird was present.
M=male.
F=female or immature male in female-type plumage.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mall=Mallard AmWi=American Wigeon HoMe=Hooded Merganser
NoPi=Northern Pintail scau=scaup spp. CoMe=Common Merganser
NoSh=Northern Shoveler CoGo=Common Goldeneye gull=gull spp.
Gadw=Gadwall Buff=Bufflehead
Census Dur-
1983 Time ation Number of Birds.......................................
Date (PST) (min) Mall NoPi NoSh Gadw AmWi scau CoGo Buff HoMe CoMe gull
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01/27 0900-? ? 31 6 141 15 76 6 3 1 . 1M1F 250
01/30 1530-? ? 10 9 163 61 2 . . . 2F . 450
02/03 0930-? ? 2 2 . . 2 . . 1 . . 50
02/13 0830-? ? 1 4 66 70 3 . . 5 . . 200
02/17 0900-? ? 6 2 12 33 . . . . . . 150
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TABLE 9.2. Incidental observations at Drift Creek Meadows along Highway
101. Most, if not all, of these geese are on the ground, not flyovers.
Records given in the previous Table are not included here.
The records listed here are known to be for this site; those for the
area south of Gorton Road are in Chap. 11, and those that may be either for
this site or south of Gorton Road are in Chap. 10.
If known, the times in Pacific Standard Time (PST) by the 24 hour
clock (i.e., 1200 is added to times in the afternoon, so 1 PM=1300).
+=at least the indicated number of birds were present.
Initials of observers:
RB=Range Bayer MH=Mark Hedrick PP=Phil Pickering JR=Janet Rogers
PD=Pat Dickey RL=Roy Lowe DP=Dave Pitkin DS=Dale Snow
RG=Ruth Goodrich KP=Katherine Peyton PR=Paul Reed
06/12/82 (PP). 20-30 Vaux's Swifts fly north.
11/30/88 (RL). 48 Western Canada Geese, 1 White-fronted Goose.
02/26/89 (RG). 22 Canada Geese.
03/06/89 (DS). 1 Am. Kestrel.
03/07/89 (RG). 14 Canada Geese.
03/08/89 (DS). 1 Am. Kestrel.
03/15/89 (RG). 14 Canada Geese.
03/18/89 (RG). 3 Canada Geese.
03/23/89 (RG). 1 Belted Kingfisher.
05/04/89 (DS). At least 18 adult Canada Geese with 7 goslings in one group
and another group of uncounted goslings in another group.
08/16/89 (RG). 30 Canada Geese.
09/11/89 (RG). 5 Canada Geese.
09/18/89 (DS). Canada Geese, 3 White-fronted Geese.
10/31/89 (JR). 100 Canada Geese.
10/31/89 (RL). 91 Western & 6 Cackling Canada Geese, 2 adult & 2
hatch-year White-fronted Geese.
11/10/89 (RL). 50 Canada Geese.
11/16/89 (RL). 3 Cackling & 27 Western Canada Geese, 2 adult & 1 immature
White-fronted Geese.
11/29/89 (JR). 8 Canada Geese, 3 White-fronted Geese.
12/03/89 (RL). 142 Western, 8 Cackling, 2 Taverner's, & 5 Dusky Canada
Geese; 3 White-fronted Geese.
01/12/90 (RG). 2 White-fronted Geese.
02/05 & 02/08/90 (RL). 2 White-fronted Geese.
11/17/90 (MH). 100+ Canada Geese, 1 White-fronted Goose.
02/21/91 (RG). 90 Canada Geese.
11/25/91 (PR). About 150 Canada Geese.
12/02/91 (RL). Western & 6 Cackling Canada Geese, 2 White-fronted Geese.
12/03/91 (RL). 209 Western, 9 Cackling, & 2 Dusky Canada Geese;
2 White-fronted Geese.
01/04 & 01/06/92 (KP). Many large Canada Geese.
01/28/92 (RL). 134 Canada Geese, 7 White-fronted Geese.
02/03/92 (RL). 12 Cackling, 1 Dusky, and 130 Western Canada Geese;
10 White-fronted Geese.
02/10/92 (RL). 10 White-fronted Geese including a family group of 3.
02/20/92 (RL). 8 White-fronted Geese.
02/26/92 (RL). 66 Taverner's, 97 Cackling, 1 Dusky, and 172 Western Canada
Geese; 7 White-fronted Geese.
11/25/92 (RL). 1 Aleutian, 1 Dusky, and many Western Canada Geese.
01/30/93 (PR). 100+ Canada Geese.
10/13/93 (DP). 207 Western Canada Geese & 1 White-fronted Goose.
10/20/93 (DP). 1 White-fronted Goose, 2 Cackling Canada Geese.
12/26/93 (RB). 1 Great Blue Heron in field.
10/08/94 (PD). 100 Canada Geese.
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TABLE 9.3. Phylogenetic list of taxa recorded at Drift Creek Meadows along
Highway 101. The following 15 species, two taxa not identified to species
(scaup spp. and gull spp.), and five subspecies have been recorded here.
Great Blue Heron American Wigeon
Gr. White-fronted Goose scaup spp.
Aleutian Canada Goose Common Goldeneye
Cackling Canada Goose Bufflehead
Dusky Canada Goose Hooded Merganser
Taverner's Canada Goose Common Merganser
Western (Great Basin) Canada Goose American Kestrel
Mallard gull spp.
Northern Pintail Vaux's Swift
Northern Shoveler Belted Kingfisher
Gadwall
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Chap. 10. DRIFT CREEK MEADOWS OR PASTURE
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10-A. INTRODUCTION
Because of birder's confusion between Drift Creek Meadows and Drift
Creek Pasture, Bayer includes records whose Drift Creek location is unclear
in this Chapter.
This Chapter includes records made through December 1992 and one more
recent observation. All these records have been double-checked against the
original reports for accuracy.
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TABLE 10.1. Incidental observations that were either at Drift Creek
Meadows along Highway 101 (see also Chap. 9) or Drift Creek Pasture south
of Gorton Road (see also Chap. 11). The Audubon Warbler is published by
the Portland Audubon Society.
Initials of observers:
?=unknown observer
DF=Darrel Faxon
SH=Steve Heinl
DI=David Irons
JJ=Jim Johnson
BL=Bob Lucas
DL=Donna Lusthoff
SR=Skip Russell
FS=Floyd Schrock
PS=Paul Sullivan
02/15/86 (FS). 1 Cinnamon Teal.
02/15/86 (SH & DI)(between Drift Creek Meadows and Drift Creek Pasture).
1 Red-shouldered Hawk.
03/01/87 (DI)(1987 Audubon Warbler [April]:15). 1 Sandhill Crane "on Drift
Creek Meadows" (note that no details are available for this very rare
bird in Lincoln County).
03/03/87 (?)(1987 Audubon Warbler [April]:15). An unnamed observer
reported a Palm Warbler "at Drift Creek Meadows."
05/02/87 (JJ). 1 Vesper Sparrow.
11/07/87 (BL). Cattle Egret.
11/08/87 (JJ). 1 Cattle Egret, 60 Canada Geese.
11/22/87 (JJ). 5 Cattle Egrets.
12/03/87 (JJ). 3 Cattle Egrets.
12/06/87 (DL). 1 Cattle Egret, Mallard, No. Shoveler, Am. Wigeon,
15 Black-bellied Plovers, Killdeer, Dunlin.
12/10/87 (JJ). 1 White-fronted Goose, 8 Eurasian Wigeon, 1 Marbled Godwit.
01/13/88 (DF). 1 Eurasian and many American wigeon, Black-bellied Plover.
11/19/88 (JJ). 1 Cattle Egret.
10/28/89 (DL). 90 Canada Geese, 1 White-fronted Goose.
12/05/89 (no observer given in 1990 Oregon Birds 16[3]:244). 2 Cattle
Egrets.
11/27/90 (no observer given in 1991 Audubon Warbler 55[1]:14). 1 Cattle
Egret.
11/24 & 30/91 (PS). 1 Cattle Egret.
11/06/94 (SR)(between Drift Creek Meadows and Drift Creek Pasture).
2 Great Egrets.
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Chap. 11. DRIFT CREEK PASTURE SOUTH OF GORTON ROAD
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11-A. INTRODUCTION
11-A-1. NAME OF AREA
There has been confusion in referring to this general area because
"Drift Creek Pasture" has been used to refer to the area along Highway 101
(Chap. 9) as well as to this area.
Bayer distinguishes between these two areas by referring to "Drift
Creek Meadows along Highway 101" (Chap. 9) and "Drift Creek Pasture south
of Gorton Road" (this Chapter). Although wordy, these descriptive names
make it clearer where observations are made.
11-A-2. SCOPE OF THIS CHAPTER
The records listed here are known to be for this site; those for Drift
Creek Meadows are in Chap. 9, and those that may be either for this site or
Drift Creek Meadows are in Chap. 10.
This Chapter includes records made through December 1992; two more
recent observations were also discovered and are included. All these
records have been double-checked against the original reports for accuracy.
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11-B. STUDY AREA
Approx. Center of Site: 44 55.1' N, 123 59.8' W
Location: Township 7S, Range 11W, Section 35
Area Studied: ?
Habitat(s) Studied: freshwater marsh/field
Elevation: <10 ft (<3 m)
Minimum Distance to Coastline: 1.3 mi (2.1 km).
The northern boundary of this field/marsh is Gorton Road, the western
boundary is the North Fork of Drift Creek, and the southern boundary is the
South Fork of Drift Creek.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) classifies this area as a
E2EM wetland (Estuarine, intertidal, emergent [salt marsh])(Harrison
1990:14-15). It is classed as a diked marsh in ODFW (1978).
In his January 1985 letter, Pickering noted that this field
periodically floods in the winter, mainly as a result of extreme high
tides, although heavy rains can contribute. When it floods, it does so
because the South Fork of Drift Creek overflows its banks and slowly fills
the field to the north, pushing the waterline closer to Gorton Road.
There were no rocky areas in this pasture. Shorebirds often
considered as associated with rocky areas (e.g., turnstones) were present
in a pasture.
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11-C. PICKERING'S METHODS
All Pickering's observations were made from Gorton Road with a 22x
spotting scope. Birds were counted in the field as well as in the main
channel of Drift Creek. When the field was flooded, waterfowl and gulls
remain concentrated at the water's edge, so censusing from Gorton Road was
then relatively easy.
Pickering estimated wigeon numbers in blocks of 100 and also sometimes
estimated the numbers of shorebirds and gulls in blocks of 10 or 100.
Pickering noted that he may not have recorded Great Blue Herons or
Killdeer, even though they may have been present.
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11-D. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
11-D-1. INTRODUCTION
It is unfortunate that bird records were not kept separately for the
channel and for the pasture because these areas differ not only physically,
but also in what birds may be present. It is also unfortunate that records
were not kept of the amount of flooding, if any, because these areas may
have been used more when they were flooded.
In his January 1985 letter, Pickering wrote that he only usually found
Common Mergansers in the South Fork channel. The loons, grebes, and
cormorant that he rarely saw (Table 11.1a) were in the flooded pasture.
11-D-2. WATERFOWL
Waterfowl have previously been reported to use farm fields, flooded
pastures, and marshes elsewhere (e.g., Thomas 1976, Hirst and Easthope
1981, Eamer 1985) and in Lincoln County (Llewellyn et al. 1994:136-138).
Thus, the variety of waterfowl at Drift Creek Pasture is not unexpected.
As noted in section 9-D-3, the Western (Great Basin) race of Canada
Geese was introduced into the Florence area in 1983 and have spread. They
were not recorded here in 1983-1984, there were no observations in 1985,
and they were abundant here in January 1986 (Table 11.1b).
In January 1985, Pickering wrote that wigeon during 1983 censuses
would retreat into the channel of the South Fork of Drift Creek when the
water receded and then be out of sight, while gulls and shorebirds seemed
to go to Siletz Bay as the mudflats became available there.
11-D-3. SHOREBIRD HIGH TIDE ROOST SITE
Shorebirds need a place to go at high tides, and this site is the only
site that Bayer knows of where they at least sometimes went at Siletz Bay.
Additional observations are needed to determine how important this site may
be.
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TABLE 11.1. 16 waterbird censuses of Drift Creek Pasture south of Gorton
Road by Phil Pickering. This Table is split into portions because
there are so many species that the Table is too wide to print altogether.
Note that Virginia Rails and Soras may have been present but were not
recorded.
Census Time=time during which a census occurred. All times are in Pacific
Standard Time (PST) by the 24 hour clock (i.e., 1200 is added to times
in the afternoon, so 1 PM=1300). Duration=duration of census.
?=unknown.
.=zero. A "." is used to enhance readability of when a bird was present.
+=there were at least these many birds observed.
M=male.
F=female or immature male in female-type plumage.
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TABLE 11.1a (loons-Cattle Egret at Drift Creek Pasture):
RTLo=Red-throated Loon DCCo=Double-crested Cormorant
CoLo=Common Loon GBHe=Great Blue Heron
PBGr=Pied-billed Grebe GrEg=Great Egret
HoGr=Horned Grebe CaEg=Cattle Egret
Census Dur-
Time ation Number of Birds........................
Date (PST) (min) RTLo CoLo PBGr HoGr DCCo GBHe GrEg CaEg
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02/13/83 0930-1000 30 . . . . 1 ? . .
02/14/83 0930-1000 30 . . . . . ? . .
02/17/83 about 0900 ? . . . . . ? . .
03/29/83 0230-0330 60 . . . . . ? . .
04/03/83 ? ? . . . . . ? . .
09/11/83 0800-0930 90 1 2 . . . ? . .
11/06/83 1030-1130 60 . . . . . ? . .
12/11/83 1000-1100 60 . . . . . ? 1 2
02/05/84 1030-1130 60 . . . . . ? . .
02/15/84 1130-1230 60 . . . 1 . ? . .
03/13/84 0800-0900 60 . . . . . ? . .
11/28/84 1500-1600 60 . . . . . ? . 1
01/19/86 1500-1530 30 . . . . . ? . .
02/05/86 1400-1500 60 . . 1 . . ? . .
02/26/86 about 1200 ? . . . . . ? . .
03/08/86 1530-1600 30 . . . . . ? . .
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TABLE 11.1b (Canada Goose-Gadwall at Drift Creek Pasture):
CaGo=Canada Goose CiTe=Cinnamon Teal
GWTe=Green-winged Teal NoSh=Northern Shoveler
Mall=Mallard Gadw=Gadwall
NoPi=Pintail
Census Dur-
Time ation Number of Birds...................
Date (PST) (min) CaGo GWTe Mall NoPi CiTe NoSh Gadw
---------------------------------------------------------------
02/13/83 0930-1000 30 . 18 26 23 . . .
02/14/83 0930-1000 30 . 21 . 8 . . 42
02/17/83 about 0900 ? . 12 . . . . .
03/29/83 0230-0330 60 . 12 . 9 . . 6
04/03/83 ? ? . 8 . 10 . . 6
09/11/83 0800-0930 90 . . 9 . . . .
11/06/83 1030-1130 60 . . . 18 . . 24
12/11/83 1000-1100 60 . . . . . . .
02/05/84 1030-1130 60 7* . 10 5 . . .
02/15/84 1130-1230 60 . 16 7 . . 12 40
03/13/84 0800-0900 60 . 35 . . 3M 4 37
11/28/84 1500-1600 60 . . . . . . .
01/19/86 1500-1530 30 69 100+ . 80 . 5 .
02/05/86 1400-1500 60 50 100+ . 47 . 40 .
02/26/86 about 1200 ? 25 . . 4 1M . 175
03/08/86 1530-1600 30 16 . . . 1M . 14
* The 7 Canada Geese recorded on 2/5/84 were of a small race, not the
introduced Western race.
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TABLE 11.1c (wigeon-mergansers at Drift Creek Pasture):
EuWi=Eurasian Wigeon WWSc=White-winged Scoter CoMe=Common Merganser
AmWi=American Wigeon CoGo=Common Goldeneye
RNDu=Ring-necked Duck Buff=Bufflehead
scau=scaup sp. HoMe=Hooded Merganser
Census Dur-
Time ation Number of Birds.............................
Date (PST) (min) EuWi AmWi RNDu scau WWSc CoGo Buff HoMe CoMe
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
02/13/83 0930-1000 30 2M 1200 . 1 2 5 5 . .
02/14/83 0930-1000 30 3M 1200 . . . . . 4F .
02/17/83 about 0900 ? 3M 1000 . . . . . . .
03/29/83 0230-0330 60 2M 300 . . 2F . . . 2
04/03/83 ? ? 2M 300 . . . . . . .
09/11/83 0800-0930 90 . . . . . . . . .
11/06/83 1030-1130 60 . 500 . . . . 2 1M5F 4F
12/11/83 1000-1100 60 . . . . . . . . 2M4F
02/05/84 1030-1130 60 2M 800 . . . . . . .
02/15/84 1130-1230 60 1M1F 550 . . . 5 6 1M1F .
03/13/84 0800-0900 60 3M 350 . . . . 6 4 3
11/28/84 1500-1600 60 . . . . . . . . .
01/19/86 1500-1530 30 4 2200 . . . . 11 . 11
02/05/86 1400-1500 60 3 2000 . . . . . . 5
02/26/86 about 1200 ? 3 1400 . 14 . . . . 6
03/08/86 1530-1600 30 1 650 3 . . . . 1M6F 6
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TABLE 11.1d (Ruddy Duck-Whimbrel at Drift Creek Pasture):
RuDu=Ruddy Duck Kill=Killdeer
BBPl=Black-bellied Plover GrYe=Greater Yellowlegs
LGPl=Lesser-Golden Plover Whim=Whimbrel
Census Dur-
Time ation Number of Birds..............
Date (PST) (min) RuDu BBPl LGPl Kill GrYe Whim
-----------------------------------------------------------
02/13/83 0930-1000 30 . 33 . ? . 1
02/14/83 0930-1000 30 . 5 . ? . .
02/17/83 about 0900 ? . 48 . ? . .
03/29/83 0230-0330 60 . . . ? . 6
04/03/83 ? ? . . . ? . .
09/11/83 0800-0930 90 . . . ? . .
11/06/83 1030-1130 60 . 20 . ? . .
12/11/83 1000-1100 60 . 45 1 ? . .
02/05/84 1030-1130 60 . . . ? . .
02/15/84 1130-1230 60 1 59 . ? . .
03/13/84 0800-0900 60 . 36 . ? 3 .
11/28/84 1500-1600 60 . 34 . ? . .
01/19/86 1500-1530 30 . 34 . 100+ . .
02/05/86 1400-1500 60 . 61 . 100+ 2 .
02/26/86 about 1200 ? . 45 . ? . .
03/08/86 1530-1600 30 . 20 . ? . .
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TABLE 11.1e (turnstones-Dunlin at Drift Creek Pasture):
RuTu=Ruddy Turnstone Sand=Sanderling
BlTu=Black Turnstone WeSa=Western Sandpiper
ReKn=Red Knot LeSa=Least Sandpiper
peep=unknown peeps (small Dunl=Dunlin
unidentified shorebirds)
Census Dur-
Time ation Number of Birds........................
Date (PST) (min) RuTu BlTu ReKn peep Sand WeSa LeSa Dunl
---------------------------------------------------------------------
02/13/83 0930-1000 30 1 40 . . 100 20 50 300
02/14/83 0930-1000 30 . 8 . . . . . .
02/17/83 about 0900 ? . 100 . . . . . 100
03/29/83 0230-0330 60 . 11 . . . 25 . .
04/03/83 ? ? . . . . . . . .
09/11/83 0800-0930 90 . . . . . . . .
11/06/83 1030-1130 60 . 70 . . . . . 100
12/11/83 1000-1100 60 2 130 . . 50 . 25 40
02/05/84 1030-1130 60 . 45 . 25 ? ? ? 3+
02/15/84 1130-1230 60 2 100 . 150 ? 15+ 200+ 250+
03/13/84 0800-0900 60 1 40 . . . 25 300 100
11/28/84 1500-1600 60 2 120 . . 25 10 75 200
01/19/86 1500-1530 30 . 18 . 250 ? 9+ 30+ 500+
02/05/86 1400-1500 60 . 15 1 300 ? 2+ 100+ 500+
02/26/86 about 1200 ? 1 30 1 . . . 50 500
03/08/86 1530-1600 30 1 15 1 . . . 50 200
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TABLE 11.1f (dowitchers-phalarope at Drift Creek Pasture):
dowi=unknown dowitchers
LBDo=Long-billed Dowitcher
CoSn=Common Snipe
RePh=Red Phalarope
Census Dur-
Time ation Number of Birds....
Date (PST) (min) dowi LBDo CoSn RePh
--------------------------------------------------
02/13/83 0930-1000 30 . . . .
02/14/83 0930-1000 30 . . . .
02/17/83 about 0900 ? . . . .
03/29/83 0230-0330 60 . . 4 .
04/03/83 ? ? . . . .
09/11/83 0800-0930 90 . . . .
11/06/83 1030-1130 60 . . . .
12/11/83 1000-1100 60 . . . .
02/05/84 1030-1130 60 . . . .
02/15/84 1130-1230 60 2 ? . .
03/13/84 0800-0900 60 . . . .
11/28/84 1500-1600 60 . . . .
01/19/86 1500-1530 30 . . . 8
02/05/86 1400-1500 60 . 1 . .
02/26/86 about 1200 ? . . . .
03/08/86 1530-1600 30 2 ? . .
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 11.1g (gulls at Drift Creek Pasture):
gull=total gulls (including gulls ThGu=Thayer's Gull
not identified to species) WeGu=Western Gull S
MeGu=Mew Gull GWGu=Glaucous-winged Gull $
RBGu=Ring-billed Gull $=may include hybrid gulls WeGu=Western Gull $
HeGu=Herring Gull
Census Dur-
Time ation Number of Birds...................
Date (PST) (min) gull MeGu RBGu HeGu ThGu WeGu GWGu
---------------------------------------------------------------
02/13/83 0930-1000 30 400 ? ? ? ? ? ?
02/14/83 0930-1000 30 100 ? ? ? ? ? ?
02/17/83 about 0900 ? 200 ? ? ? ? ? ?
03/29/83 0230-0330 60 400 ? ? ? ? ? ?
04/03/83 ? ? 25 ? ? ? ? ? ?
09/11/83 0800-0930 90 50 ? ? ? ? ? ?
11/06/83 1030-1130 60 200 ? ? ? ? ? ?
12/11/83 1000-1100 60 250 ? ? ? ? ? ?
02/05/84 1030-1130 60 25 25 . . . . .
02/15/84 1130-1230 60 90 47 28 . . . 15
03/13/84 0800-0900 60 140 120 . . . . 20
11/28/84 1500-1600 60 14 12 . . . . 2
01/19/86 1500-1530 30 541 300+ 4+ 80+ 40+ 2+ 15+
02/05/86 1400-1500 60 414 250+ ? ? ? 6+ 8+
02/26/86 about 1200 ? 28 28 . . . . .
03/08/86 1530-1600 30 150 150 . . . . .
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 11.2. Incidental bird records at Drift Creek Pasture south of Gorton
Road. Note that the following records of bird presence and abundance are
the result of incidental observations. These records do not include those
given in the previous Table.
The records listed here are known to be for this site; those for Drift
Creek Meadows are in Chap. 9, and those that may be either for this site or
Drift Creek Meadows are in Chap. 10.
Initials of observers:
?=unknown GG=Greg Gillson PP=Phil Pickering
DF=Darrel Faxon J&RK=Jan & Rick Krabbe SR=Skip Russell
02/03/83 (PP). Mountain Plover. It was sighted and photographed by Phil;
photograph shown in 1983 American Birds 37:331.
02/13/83 (PP). 1 Bald Eagle, 200 Red-winged and 200 Brewer's blackbirds.
02/21-26/83 (many observers). 1 Mountain Plover; Mountain Plover
records of 2/3/83 & 2/21-26/83 accepted by the Oregon Bird Records
Committee (1983 Oregon Birds 9:56, Schmidt 1989:50).
02/22/83 (J&RK). 1 Mountain Plover, 1 Red Knot, 6 Eurasian Wigeon.
02/23/83 (J&RK). White-fronted Goose, Green-winged Teal, 6 Eurasian
Wigeon, Am. Wigeon, Killdeer, Black-bellied Plover, Black Turnstone,
Common Snipe, 1 Whimbrel, 1 Red Knot, 12 Tree Swallows, Am. Robin,
Western Meadowlark, Red-winged Blackbird, House Finch, Dark-eyed
Junco.
03/29/83 (PP). 1 Bald Eagle, 1 No. Harrier, 2 Red-tailed Hawks,
30 Violet-green Swallows, 20+ Marsh Wrens, 20 Yellow-rumped Warblers,
3 Savannah Sparrows, 22 Red-winged & 5 Brewer's blackbirds.
04/03/83 (PP). 1 Bald Eagle, 40 Violet-green Swallows, 20+ Marsh Wrens,
20 Yellow-rumped Warblers, 40 Red-winged & 10 Brewer's blackbirds.
09/11/83 (PP). 5 Marsh Wrens, 1 Townsend's Warbler, 130 Band-tailed
Pigeons, 25 Cedar Waxwings, 1 Scrub Jay, 51 Red-winged Blackbird
(including 3 adult males).
12/11/83 (PP). 1 Bald Eagle, 1 Am. Kestrel.
02/05/84 (PP). 1 No. Shrike, 2 Bewick's Wrens.
02/15/84 (PP). 4 Violet-green Swallow, 25 Red-winged Blackbirds,
2 No. Shrikes, 1 Turkey Vulture.
03/13/84 (PP). 1 Red-tailed Hawk, 1 Am. Kestrel, 1 Turkey Vulture,
300 Red-winged Blackbirds, 20 Brown-headed Cowbirds, 20 Marsh Wrens,
1 Orange-crowned Warbler.
11/28/84 (PP). 1 Bald Eagle, 5 Marsh Wrens, 1 No. Shrike, 50 Red-winged
Blackbirds.
01/19/86 (PP). 1 Rough-legged Hawk, 1 Bald Eagle, 1 Am. Kestrel,
4 Western Meadowlarks.
02/05/86 (PP). 1 imm. Peregrine Falcon, 1 Am. Kestrel, 1 No. Shrike.
02/26/86 (PP). 1 Rough-legged Hawk, 1 Am. Kestrel, 1 No. Shrike.
02/28/86 (PP). Turkey Vulture.
03/02/86 (PP). Barn Owl.
03/08/86 (PP). 1 Am. Kestrel.
12/20/92 (GG)(in horse corral). 1 Cattle Egret.
04/30/94 (DF et al.). 1 vocal adult Red-shouldered Hawk.
11/06/94 (SR). 1 Red-shouldered Hawk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 11.3. Phylogenetic list of species recorded at Drift Creek Pasture
south of Gorton Road. The following 74 species and one taxon not
identified to species (scaup spp.) have been recorded here.
Red-throated Loon Ruddy Duck Ring-billed Gull
Common Loon Turkey Vulture Herring Gull
Pied-billed Grebe Bald Eagle Thayer's Gull
Horned Grebe Northern Harrier Western Gull $
Double-crested Cormorant Red-shouldered Hawk Glaucous-winged Gull $
Great Egret Red-tailed Hawk Band-tailed Pigeon
Cattle Egret Rough-legged Hawk Barn Owl
Greater White-fronted American Kestrel Tree Swallow
Goose Peregrine Falcon Violet-green Swallow
Canada Goose Black-bellied Plover Scrub Jay
Green-winged Teal Lesser Golden-Plover Bewick's Wren
Mallard Killdeer Marsh Wren
Northern Pintail Mountain Plover American Robin
Cinnamon Teal Greater Yellowlegs Cedar Waxwing
Northern Shoveler Whimbrel Northern Shrike
Gadwall Ruddy Turnstone Orange-crowned Warbler
Eurasian Wigeon Black Turnstone Yellow-rumped Warbler
American Wigeon Red Knot Townsend's Warbler
Ring-necked Duck Sanderling Savannah Sparrow
scaup spp. Western Sandpiper Dark-eyed Junco
White-winged Scoter Least Sandpiper Red-winged Blackbird
Common Goldeneye Dunlin Western Meadowlark
Bufflehead Long-billed Dowitcher Brewer's Blackbird
Hooded Merganser Common Snipe Brown-headed Cowbird
Common Merganser Red-necked Phalarope House Finch
Mew Gull
$ Western and Glaucous-winged gulls hybridize along the Oregon Coast
(Hoffman et al. 1978), so some of these gulls were probably hybrids.
***************************************************************************
Chap. 12. CANNERY SLOUGH EAST OF KERNVILLE
***************************************************************************
12-A. INTRODUCTION AND STUDY AREA
Approx. Center of Site: 44 53.8' N, 123 59.7' W
Location: Township 8S, Range 11W, Section 11
Area Studied: ?
Habitat(s) Studied: marsh
Elevation: <10 ft (<3 m)
Minimum Distance to Coastline: 1.7 mi (2.8 km).
These are all the records that we have that were made through December
1992; one more recent observation is also included because it was
accessible. All records have been double-checked against the original
reports for accuracy.
Mark Elliott made six of the seven observations at this site
(Table 12.1), which he indicated was about 0.5 mi east of Highway 101 and
east of Kernville; he called it Old Cannery Slough, in reference to a
salmon cannery that used to be there. It is north of the Siletz River and
Highway 229, at about Siletz River Mile 1.0. Some local residents call
this site Fogarty's Pond in reference to the landowners (see Harrison
1990:24-25). It is circled in blue with an enclosed marsh symbol (blue
grass) in the 1984 Devils Lake 7.5' quadrangle and is similarly shown in
Harrison (1990:15).
This site is a small part (on the northwestern edge) of a large
low-lying area that is classed as a diked tidal marsh (ODFW 1978) or a PEM
(Palustrine, emergent) wetland (Harrison 1990:14-15). On 11 November 1994,
Bayer noted that cattle were grazing at the southeast end of this low-lying
area, but not near Cannery Slough.
***************************************************************************
12-B. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It is unfortunate that there were not more observations of this site,
including observations when no birds were present. But Elliott's
observations indicate that Cannery Slough is sometimes used by shorebirds
during fall migration and by Blue-winged Teal during spring migration
(Table 12.1).
Additionally, on 11 January 1991, Dave Copeland saw 40 Common Snipe
about 1 mile east of Highway 101 in the field along Highway 229; his
sighting is probably in the low-lying area to the southeast of Cannery
Slough.
***************************************************************************
TABLE 12.1. Incidental observations of birds at Old Cannery Slough, east
of Kernville, by Mark Elliott, unless otherwise noted.
08/30/89. 1 Pectoral Sandpiper and 1 juvenile Stilt Sandpiper. The Stilt
Sandpiper is a very rare bird in Lincoln County (Bayer 1992); in his
July 1992 letter, he noted that it was beside a juvenile Pectoral
Sandpiper that he used for comparison; the Stilt Sandpiper was upright
with a long neck and legs, had an all black bill, and had a white
eyebrow stripe.
09/02/89. 6 Lesser & 1 Greater yellowlegs, Pectoral Sandpiper.
09/04/89. Semipalmated Sandpiper (which is a very rare bird in Lincoln
County [Bayer 1992]--no details are available for this sighting).
09/05/89. Pectoral Sandpiper.
05/05 & 05/06/90. Pair of Blue-winged Teal.
11/11/94 (Range Bayer)(1645 PST). No birds at this site.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
***************************************************************************
Chap. 13. LOWER SILETZ RIVER NEAR KERNVILLE
***************************************************************************
13-A. INTRODUCTION
These are all the records that we have that were made through December
1992; two more recent observations are also included because they were
accessible. All records have been double-checked against the original
reports for accuracy.
***************************************************************************
13-B. STUDY AREA AND PICKERING'S METHODS
Approx. Center of Site: 44 53.7' N, 123 59.7' W
Location: Township 8S, Range 11W, Section 11
Area Studied: ?
Habitat(s) Studied: estuarine river
Elevation: sea level
Minimum Distance to Coastline: 1.2 mi (1.9 km).
Phil Pickering observed waterbirds in the River channel from the
Highway 101 bridge at about River Mile 0.5 to the west edge of Pikes Camp
at about River Mile 1.5 (see 1984 Lincoln City and 1984 Devils Lake 7.5'
quadrangles). In April 1982, he used binoculars, and in later observations
used binoculars and a 22x telescope. He estimated gull numbers; other
birds were counted individually. Although the duration of his observations
was usually not recorded (Table 13.1), they were probably each less than
30 min.
The sightings of other observers that are given in Table 13.2 were
also in the same area.
***************************************************************************
13-C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
13-C-1. GENERAL COMMENTS
A total of 21 species was recorded in this portion of the Siletz River
(Table 13.3). It is probable that Belted Kingfishers were also present but
were overlooked.
These records can be compared with observations made between River Mile
50.0 and 50.6 along the Siletz River (Llewellyn and Bayer 1994). In
particular, American Dippers were absent here but were common upstream.
13-C-2. PURPLE MARTINS
The Purple Martin is a species of concern in Oregon (Marshall 1992),
and they nested in coastal Douglas and Lane counties in the 1940's and
1950's (Richmond 1953).
Apparently the only place in the Lincoln City area that they nest is
near Kernville. Lund (1978:7) reported that a local observer noted that
Purple Martins were commonly around pilings near Kernville until "quite
recently." Lund spent a lot of time searching for martins in several
western Oregon counties, including Lincoln County, and he was active in
putting up nest boxes in Yaquina Estuary, at least.
It would have been helpful to have more observations for the Purple
Martin colony, but at least a small colony was still active as of 1993
(Table 13.2). During Bayer's visit on 11 November 1994, there was one
large wooden martin house on a piling along the north side of the bank
approximately where the "Double Wooden Pole Power Line" (see the 1984
Devils Lake 7.5' quadrangle map) crosses the River; there were also two
small wooden martin houses on pilings along the north side of the River to
the west. More martin houses may be helpful.
13-C-3. DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT ROOST
In June 1987, someone reported to Roy Lowe that there was a large
Double-crested Cormorant roost "about 1-2 miles up the Siletz River." This
is probably farther upstream than the observations in the Chapter, and the
roost is probably in a grove of trees rather than on the River, itself.
Bayer has not heard if this roost has been verified or more precisely
located.
13-C-4. VAUX'S SWIFTS AND NORTHERN SHRIKE
The following records are not included in the following Tables because
it is not clear if they were specifically at the River.
On 17 March 1985, Phil Pickering saw one Northern Shrike during his
observations at the River, but it is not clear if the shrike was along the
River or in fields or marshes to the north or south of the River.
On 13 May 1986, Floyd Schrock saw about a hundred or so Vaux's Swifts
fly over Kernville and presumably over the River.
***************************************************************************
TABLE 13.1. Eight censuses of waterbirds in the channel of lower Siletz
River near Kernville by Phil Pickering.
Census Time=time during which a census occurred. All times are in Pacific
Standard Time (PST) by the 24 hour clock (i.e., 1200 is added to times
in the afternoon, so 1 PM=1300). Duration=duration of census.
?=unknown.
.=zero. A "." is used to enhance readability of when a bird was present.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 13.1a (loons-American Wigeon in lower Siletz River near Kernville)
RRLo=Red-throated Loon HoGr=Horned Grebe BrCo=Brandt's Cormorant
CoLo=Common Loon WeGr=Western Grebe PeCo=Pelagic Cormorant
PBGr=Pied-billed Grebe DCCo=Double-cr. Cormorant GBHe=Great Blue Heron
Census Dur-
Time ation Number of Birds.............................
Date (PST) (min) RTLo CoLo PBGr HoGr WeGr DDCo BrCo PeCo GBHe
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
04/01/82 morning ? 1 . . . . . 1 . ?
04/03/82 morning ? . . . . . . . 11* ?
04/05/82 morning ? . . . 1 . . . 4 ?
04/13/82 @1430 ? . . . . . . . 6 1
04/14/82 ? ? . . . . . . . . ?
04/20/82 @1300 ? . . . 1 . . . 6 ?
01/25/83 1600-1630 30 1 3 . 4 5 5 . 12 ?
03/17/85 1730-1745 15 . 1 1 . . . . . ?
* All Pelagic Cormorants on 4/3/82 were perched on posts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 13.1b (Mallards-American Wigeon in lower Siletz River)
Mall=Mallard
Gadw=Gadwall
AmWi=American Wigeon
Census Dur-
Time ation Number of Birds
Date (PST) (min) Mall Gadw AmWi
------------------------------------------
04/01/82 morning ? 9 . .
04/03/82 morning ? 2 . .
04/05/82 morning ? 7 . .
04/13/82 @1430 ? 2 . .
04/14/82 ? ? . . .
04/20/82 @1300 ? 1 . .
01/25/83 1600-1630 30 38 . 3
03/17/85 1730-1745 15 5 2 .
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 13.1c (Canvasback-Belted Kingfisher in lower Siletz River near
Kernville):
Canv=Canvasback SpSa=Spotted Sandpiper
WWSc=White-winged Scoter gull=total gulls
Buff=Bufflehead WeGu=Western Gull $
CoMe=Common Merganser GWGu=Glaucous-winged Gull $
RBMe=Red-breasted Merganser $=may include hybrid gulls
BeKi=Belted Kingfisher
Census Dur-
Time ation Number of Birds..................................
Date (PST) (min) Canv WWSc Buff CoMe RBMe SpSa gull WeGu GWGu BeKi
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
04/01/82 morning ? . . . 2 . 2 . . . ?
04/03/82 morning ? . . . 2 4 ? . . . ?
04/05/82 morning ? . 1 1 . 2 1 . . . ?
04/13/82 @1430 ? 1 . . . . ? . . . ?
04/14/82 ? ? . . . . . ? . . . ?
04/20/82 @1300 ? . . . . . ? 20 ? ? ?
01/25/83 1600-1630 30 . . 2 . . 1 20 ? ? ?
03/17/85 1730-1745 15 . . . . . ? 2 1 1 ?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 13.2. Incidental observations at the lower Siletz River near
Kernville. All observations are between River Mile 0.5 and 1.5. Records
in Table 13.1 are not included here.
Initials of observers:
RB=Range Bayer ME=Mark Elliot PP=Phil Pickering
BB=Barb Bellin RG=Ruth Goodrich
01/28/82 (RB)(River channel just east of HWY 101 bridge). 2 Common Loons,
1 Horned Grebe, 2 Pelagic Cormorants, 1 Pied-billed Grebe.
09/03/89 (ME). 8 Purple Martins.
09/04/89 (ME). Purple Martin.
05/05 & 05/06/90 (ME). 2 male Purple Martins; 1 female martin in a nest
box.
02/21/91 (RG)(Kernville). 2 Great Blue Herons, 2 Buffleheads.
08/17/91 (PP)(1/2 mile upriver from Kernville). Small Purple Martin colony
of at least 1 pair and 4 young.
04/23/93 (BB). Pair of Purple Martins at a nest box.
11/11/94 (RB). 1 Spotted Sandpiper, 1 female Bufflehead, 1 gull.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 13.3. Phylogenetic list of species recorded at the Siletz River near
Kernville. The following 21 species have been recorded here.
Red-throated Loon American Wigeon
Common Loon Canvasback
Pied-billed Grebe White-winged Scoter
Horned Grebe Bufflehead
Western Grebe Common Merganser
Double-cr. Cormorant Red-breasted Merganser
Brandt's Cormorant Spotted Sandpiper
Pelagic Cormorant Western Gull $
Great Blue Heron Glaucous-winged Gull $
Mallard Purple Martin
Gadwall
$ Western and Glaucous-winged gulls hybridize along the Oregon Coast
(Hoffman et al. 1978), so some of these gulls were probably hybrids.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
***************************************************************************
Chap. 14. LITERATURE CITED
***************************************************************************
Anthony, R. G., M. C. Hansen, M. Sandler, N. V. Marr, C. A. Schuler, and
R. S. Lutz. 1990. Short-term effects of triploid grass carp on
waterfowl and Bald Eagles at Devil's Lake, Oregon. Report submitted
to Devil's Lake Water Improvement District, Lincoln City, Oregon.
Bayer, R. D. 1987. Winter observations of Bald Eagles at Yaquina Estuary,
Oregon. Murrelet 68:39-44.
Bayer, R. D. 1992. Preliminary draft of 1849-1990 semimonthly bird
records for Lincoln County, Oregon. Vol. II: records sorted by
species. Bird Records of Lincoln County, Oregon No. 2. (A copy is in
the circulating collection of the Oregon State University Hatfield
Marine Science Center Library.)
Bayer, R. D. and R. W. Lowe. 1988. Waterbird and mammal censuses at
Siuslaw Estuary, Lane County, Oregon. Studies in Oregon Ornithology
No. 4.
Eamer, J. 1985. Winter habitat for dabbling ducks on Southeastern
Vancouver Island, British Columbia. M. S. Thesis, Univ. of British
Columbia. [This is at the Oregon State University Hatfield Marine
Science Center Library as QL696.A5 E21.]
Evanich, J. 1983. Sewage ponds revisited. Oregon Birds 9:39-40.
Fix, D. 1978. Birds of sewage ponds. Oregon Birds 4(5):1-6.
Frederick, P. C. and S. M. McGegee. 1994. Wading bird use of wastewater
treatment wetlands in central Florida, USA. Colonial Waterbirds
17:50-59.
Harrison, B. 1990. Environmental Assessment: Siletz Bay National Wildlife
Refuge. U.S. Dept. Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Region 1, Portland, Oregon, October 1990.
Hirst, S. M. and C. A. Easthope. 1981. Use of agricultural lands by
waterfowl in southwestern British Columbia. J. Wildlife Management
45:454-462. [Not seen by Bayer, cited in Eamer 1985.]
Hoffman, W., J. A. Wiens, and J. M. Scott. 1978. Hybridization between
gulls (Larus glaucescens and L. occidentalis) in the Pacific
Northwest. Auk 95:441-458.
Llewellyn, B. and R. D. Bayer. 1994. Waterbird records for the Siletz
River and some creeks in the Siletz/Logsden area of Lincoln County.
Journal of Oregon Ornithology 2:139-161.
Llewellyn, B., F. Schrock, D. Faxon, and R. D. Bayer. 1994. Waterbirds at
ponds and fields in the Siletz/Logsden area of Lincoln County.
Journal of Oregon Ornithology 2:101-138.
Lund, T. 1978. The Purple Martin in the western United States. Part two:
it's a question of holes. Oregon Birds 4[2]:1-9.
Marshall, D. B. 1992. Sensitive vertebrates of Oregon. Oregon Department
of Fish and Wildlife.
ODFW. 1978. Habitat map of Siletz Estuary. Oregon Dept. of Fish and
Wildlife Research and Development Section.
Rauw, C. I. 1975. Seasonal variations in tidal dynamics, water quality,
and sediments in the Siletz Estuary. M. S. Thesis, Oregon State
University.
Richmond, S. M. 1953. The attraction of Purple Martins to an urban
location in western Oregon. Condor 55:225-249.
Schmidt, O. [Ed.] 1989. Rare birds of Oregon. Oregon Field
Ornithologists Special Publication No. 5.
Thomas, G. 1976. Habitat usage of wintering ducks at the Ouse Washes,
England. Wildfowl 27:148-152. [Not seen by Bayer, cited in Eamer
1985.]
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